Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
In many countries, adherence testing is used to monitor consumption behavior or to prove abstinence. Urine and hair are most commonly used, although other biological fluids are available.
Positive test results are usually associated with serious legal or economic consequences. Therefore, various sample manipulation and adulteration strategies are used to circumvent such a positive result. In these critical review articles on sample adulteration of urine part A and hair samples part B in the context of clinical and forensic toxicology, recent trends and strategies to improve sample adulteration and manipulation testing published in the past 10 years are described and discussed.
New or alternative strategies for detecting sample manipulation attempts can be generally divided into improved detection of established urine validity markers and direct and indirect techniques or approaches to screening for new adulteration markers. In this part A of the review article, we focused on urine samples, where the focus in recent years has been on new in direct substitution markers, particularly for synthetic fake urine. Keywords: Urine, Clinical toxicology, Forensic toxicology, Sample manipulation testing.
Monitoring of drug consumption behavior and regular drug testing to prove abstinence from alcohol, drugs of abuse DOA , or addictive prescription drugs are implemented in many countries to ascertain drug-freeness, for example, in the context of driving, military, workplace, or doping [ 1 โ 6 ]. Various matrices are used for this purpose, with urine and hair being the most commonly used nowadays.
