Iron is a chemical element ; it has the symbol Fe from Latin ferrum 'iron' and atomic number It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth , forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust , being mainly deposited by meteorites in its metallic state.
Humans started to master that process in Eurasia during the 2nd millennium BC and the use of iron tools and weapons began to displace copper alloys β in some regions, only around BC.
That event is considered the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. In the modern world , iron alloys, such as steel , stainless steel , cast iron and special steels , are by far the most common industrial metals, due to their mechanical properties and low cost. The iron and steel industry is thus very important economically, and iron is the cheapest metal, with a price of a few dollars per kilogram or pound.
Pristine and smooth pure iron surfaces are a mirror-like silvery-gray. Iron reacts readily with oxygen and water to produce brown-to-black hydrated iron oxides , commonly known as rust.
Unlike the oxides of some other metals that form passivating layers, rust occupies more volume than the metal and thus flakes off, exposing more fresh surfaces for corrosion. Iron shares many properties of other transition metals, including the other group 8 elements , ruthenium and osmium.
