In World War II , many governments, organizations and individuals collaborated with the Axis powers , "out of conviction, desperation, or under coercion".
The Danish, Belgian and Vichy French governments attempted to appease and bargain with the invaders in hopes of mitigating harm to their citizens and economies.
Some countries' leaders such as Henrik Werth cooperated with Italy and Germany because they wanted to regain territories lost during and after World War I , or which their nationalist citizens simply coveted. Individuals such as Hendrik Seyffardt in the Netherlands and Theodoros Pangalos in Greece saw collaboration as a path to personal power in the politics of their country.
Others believed that Germany would prevail, and either wanted to be on the winning side, or feared being on the losing one. Axis military forces recruited many volunteers, sometimes at gunpoint, more often with promises that they later broke, or from among POWs trying to escape appalling and frequently lethal conditions in their detention camps. Other volunteers willingly enlisted because they shared Nazi or fascist ideologies. Stanley Hoffman in used the term collaborationist to describe those who collaborated for ideological reasons.
Stanley Hoffmann saw collaboration as either involuntary, a reluctant recognition of necessity, or voluntary, opportunistic , or greedy. He also categorized collaborationism as "servile", attempting to be useful, or "ideological", full-throated advocacy of the occupier's ideology.
